Tag: AIS

Creating a Spring Boot based AIS message decoder

Thomas Borg SallingLeave a comment

To demonstrate how easy it is to parse AIS messages (what is an AIS message?) with my open source library AISmessages, this post shows how to create a Spring Boot based microservice which can receive NMEA strings via HTTP and respond with the decoded AIS messages in JSON format.

So – for an HTTP request with a JSON array of NMEA strings like this:

POST http://localhost:8080/decode

Content-Type: application/json

[ 
  "!AIVDM,1,1,,A,18UG;P0012G?Uq4EdHa=c;7@051@,0*53",
  "!AIVDM,2,1,0,B,539S:k40000000c3G04PPh63<00000000080000o1PVG2uGD:00000000000,0*34",
  "!AIVDM,2,2,0,B,00000000000,2*27"
]

… we would like a response like this:

[
  {
    "repeatIndicator":0,
    "sourceMmsi": { "mmsi":576048000 },
    "navigationStatus":"UnderwayUsingEngine",
    "rateOfTurn":0,
    "speedOverGround":6.6,
    "positionAccuracy":false,
    "latitude":37.912167,
    "longitude":-122.42299,
    "courseOverGround":350.0
    "trueHeading":355,
    "second":40,
    "specialManeuverIndicator":"NotAvailable",
    "raimFlag":false,
    "communicationState": {
      "syncState":"UTCDirect",
      "slotTimeout":1,
      "numberOfReceivedStations":null,
      "slotNumber":null,
      "utcHour":8,
      "utcMinute":20,
      "slotOffset":null
    },
    "messageType":"PositionReportClassAScheduled",
    "transponderClass":"A",
    "valid":true
  }
]

Initializing a new Spring Boot project

A quick way to build such a service is to use Spring MVC. So, first we need to initialize a new Spring Boot project. An easy way to do this is to visit https://start.spring.io and fill in the form like this:


Generate and download the resulting project. Then move it to a suitable directory on your machine and unzip it like this: 

$ mv ~/Downloads/aisdecoder.zip .
$ unzip aisdecoder.zip 
Archive:  aisdecoder.zip
   creating: aisdecoder/
  inflating: aisdecoder/gradlew      
   creating: aisdecoder/gradle/
   creating: aisdecoder/gradle/wrapper/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/java/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/java/dk/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/java/dk/tbsalling/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/decoder/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/decoder/aisdecoder/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/resources/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/resources/static/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/main/resources/templates/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/test/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/test/java/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/test/java/dk/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/test/java/dk/tbsalling/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/test/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/test/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/decoder/
   creating: aisdecoder/src/test/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/decoder/aisdecoder/
  inflating: aisdecoder/.gitignore   
  inflating: aisdecoder/build.gradle  
  inflating: aisdecoder/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.jar  
  inflating: aisdecoder/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties  
  inflating: aisdecoder/gradlew.bat  
  inflating: aisdecoder/settings.gradle  
  inflating: aisdecoder/src/main/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/decoder/aisdecoder/AisdecoderApplication.java  
  inflating: aisdecoder/src/main/resources/application.properties  
  inflating: aisdecoder/src/test/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/decoder/aisdecoder/AisdecoderApplicationTests.java

As a smoke test we will first build new freshly, unmodified project - this is done with Gradle like this:

$ cd aisdecoder
$ ./gradlew build
... <a lot of build information>
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 15s
5 actionable tasks: 5 executed

With the boiler plate project just built, we should see that it runs:

$ ./gradlew bootRun

> Task :bootRun

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::        (v2.0.5.RELEASE)

... <a lot of log output omitted>

o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2018-09-13 07:59:01.475  INFO 10989 --- [           main] d.t.a.d.a.AisdecoderApplication          : Started AisdecoderApplication in 1.7 seconds (JVM running for 2.008)
<=========----> 75% EXECUTING [21s]
> :bootRun

All seems well. The Spring MVC web application is running - but not doing much useful yet.

Adding custom code

Adding AISmessages as a dependency

The first thing we will do, is to add AISmessages as a dependency. This is done by adding this line into build.gradle:

...
dependencies {
  compile group: 'dk.tbsalling', name: 'aismessages', version: '2.2.3'   
  ...
}
...

Adding Spring MVC Controller

Next we will add the Spring MVC controller which handle incoming HTTP requests. This controller should be able to receive a JSON array of NMEA strings and output a JSON array of AIS messages.

So, in folder src/main/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/decoder/ we add file AisdecoderController.java like this:

package dk.tbsalling.ais.decoder.aisdecoder;

import dk.tbsalling.aismessages.ais.messages.AISMessage;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestBody;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;

import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

@RestController
public class AisdecoderController {

    @RequestMapping(
        value = "/decode",
        method = RequestMethod.POST,
        consumes = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE,
        produces = MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON_VALUE
    )
    public List<AISMessage> decode(@RequestBody List<String> nmea) {
        return Collections.emptyList();
    }

}

This class is discovered by Spring through classpath scanning at startup, and handles incoming HTTP POST requests headed for URI /decode - such as http://localhost:8080/decode. The current implementation is mostly boiler plate and does nothing useful.

What we want it to do, is to call a service class which can convert the received NMEA strings into AIS messages. Like this:

@RestController
public class AisdecoderController {

    @Autowired
    private AisdecoderService aisdecoderService;

    ...

    public List<AISMessage> decode(@RequestBody List<String> nmea) {
        return aisdecoderService.decode(nmea);
    }

}

Adding AIS decode service

Then we need need the AisdecoderService. This is the most custom part of the code and where the real work happens. It should receive a list of n NMEA messages, convert and return these as a list of m AIS messages.

We start by adding to src/main/java/dk/tbsalling/ais/decoder/ the class AisdecoderService.java:

package dk.tbsalling.ais.decoder.aisdecoder;

import dk.tbsalling.aismessages.ais.messages.AISMessage;

import java.util.List;

@Service
@RequestScope
public class AisdecoderService {
    
    public List<AISMessage> decode(List<String> nmea) {
    }
    
}

So - how do we implement the decode method? The key here is class NMEAMessageHandler from AISmessages. NMEAMessageHandler is a class which can keep consuming NMEA messages and perform a callback whenever the received messages result in the successful decoding of a complete AIS message. Sometimes NMEA messages and AIS messages correspond 1:1 - other times it takes 2 NMEA messages to decode 1 AIS message.

So - we will extend AisdecoderService like this:

...
public class AisdecoderService implements Consumer<AISMessage> {
    
    public List<AISMessage> decode(List<String> nmeaMessagesAsStrings) {
        NMEAMessageHandler nmeaMessageHandler = new NMEAMessageHandler("SRC1", this);
    }
    
    @Override
    public void accept(AISMessage aisMessage) {
        aisMessages.add(aisMessage);
    }
}

Now the decode()-method initializes a NMEAMessageHandler. This handler is handed this (the decoder itself) to that it can make callbacks whenever an AIS message is fully constructed. To be used for callbacks, the AisdecoderService needs to implement the Consumer<AISMessage> interface.

Next, we need to start feeding the NMEA messages to the NMEAMessageHandler. One way to do that is this loop which iterates over all the NMEA strings and passes each one to the NMEAMessageHandler:

...
public class AisdecoderService implements Consumer<AISMessage> {
    ...
    public List<AISMessage> decode(List<String> nmeaMessagesAsStrings) {
       ...
        // Decode all received messages
        nmeaMessagesAsStrings.forEach(nmeaMessageAsString -> {
            try {
                NMEAMessage nmeaMessage = NMEAMessage.fromString(nmeaMessageAsString);
                nmeaMessageHandler.accept(nmeaMessage);
            } catch(NMEAParseException e) {
                System.err.printf(e.getMessage());
            }
        });
    }
    ...
}

Everytime the NMEA message handler can put the NMEA pieces together a complete AIS message, a callback is made to the AisdecoderService#accept(AISMessage msg) method. This method needs to store i AIS messages in a list, so that they can be returned by the decoder later:


public class AisdecoderService implements Consumer<AISMessage> {
    ...
    private final List<AISMessage> aisMessages = new LinkedList<>();

    @Override
    public void accept(AISMessage aisMessage) {
        aisMessages.add(aisMessage);
    }
    ...
}

Finally, in the decode() method, we must deal with the situation, where there are no more NMEA messages. This calls for a flush of the NMEAMessageHandler and return of the collected AIS messages:

...
public class AisdecoderService implements Consumer<AISMessage> {
    ...
    public List<AISMessage> decode(List<String> nmeaMessagesAsStrings) {
         ...
        // Flush receiver for unparsed message fragments
        List unparsedMessages = nmeaMessageHandler.flush();
        unparsedMessages.forEach(unparsedMessage -> {
            System.err.println("NMEA message not used: " + unparsedMessage);
        });

        // Return result
        return aisMessages;
    }
    ...
}

Complete code

The complete code resulting from the above can be viewed on Github: https://github.com/tbsalling/aisdecoder/tree/ready/spring-boot-webservice

Run it yourself

The code can then be cloned, compiled, run and invoked like this:

$ git clone https://github.com/tbsalling/aisdecoder.git
Cloning into 'aisdecoder'...
remote: Counting objects: 32, done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (18/18), done.
remote: Total 32 (delta 0), reused 32 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (32/32), done.
$ cd aisdecoder/
$ ./gradlew build
...
BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 5s
$ ./gradlew bootRun

> Task :bootRun

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::        (v2.0.5.RELEASE)

...
<=========----> 75% EXECUTING [42s]
> :bootRun

Then, in a separate terminal window the web service can be invoked with e.g. Postman or curl (on Linux or MacOS), like this:

$ curl -X POST http://localhost:8080/decode -H 'Content-Type: application/json' -d '[ "!AIVDM,1,1,,A,18UG;P0012G?Uq4EdHa=c;7@051@,0*53" ]'
[{"nmeaMessages":[{"rawMessage":"!AIVDM,1,1,,A,18UG;P0012G?Uq4EdHa=c;7@051@,0*53","valid":true,"sequenceNumber":null,"numberOfFragments":1,"fragmentNumber":1,"radioChannelCode":"A","checksum":83,"messageType":"AIVDM","encodedPayload":"18UG;P0012G?Uq4EdHa=c;7@051@","fillBits":0}],"metadata":{"source":"SRC1","received":"2018-09-13T10:28:19.661343Z","decoderVersion":"2.2.2","category":"AIS"},"repeatIndicator":0,"sourceMmsi":{"mmsi":576048000},"navigationStatus":"UnderwayUsingEngine","rateOfTurn":0,"speedOverGround":6.6,"positionAccuracy":false,"latitude":37.912167,"longitude":-122.42299,"courseOverGround":350.0,"trueHeading":355,"second":40,"specialManeuverIndicator":"NotAvailable","raimFlag":false,"communicationState":{"syncState":"UTCDirect","slotTimeout":1,"numberOfReceivedStations":null,"slotNumber":null,"utcHour":8,"utcMinute":20,"slotOffset":null},"messageType":"PositionReportClassAScheduled","transponderClass":"A","valid":true}]

That's it 🙂

An introduction to AIS

Thomas Borg SallingLeave a comment

One of the domains, that I’ve done the most work in is the maritime domain. One of the interesting technologies here is AIS – Automatic Identification System. So – what is AIS?

Every ship larger than 300 BRT and all ships with paying passengers are required by international regulations to transmit “AIS messages” via radio in the VHF band periodically:

These messages can be thought of as small “SMS/text messages” and contain information about the ship’s name, draught, cargo, position, speed and a lot of other details.

Despite its name, AIS is not primarily intended for identification of ships – but to support anti-collision. Even very far out at sea. So AIS works without support from any land-based radio infrastructure.

The bandwidth in the VHF band is very limited – so AIS messages are very brief and sent in a compact format, to ensure that there is airtime for everyone – even in congested areas.

Now – we don’t have to be aboard a ship to receive AIS messages. The messages are not encrypted, so anyone with a VHF receiver can receive messages from ships in vicinity of the receiver. Typically a receiver can receive AIS messages from ships in a distance of up to 50 kilometers/30 nautical miles depending on weather and local conditions.

Examples of such receivers are dAISy (cheap, but very limited functionality) and Transas T-55. Other sources of AIS data are subscription services such as VT Explorer and MarineTraffic – or exhange based services such as AIShub.

Most receivers and others sources of AIS data will provide the AIS messages as “NMEA armoured messages”. These messages take a form like this:

!AIVDM,1,1,,A,18UG;P0012G?Uq4EdHa=c;7@051@,0*53

Don’t be scared – we’ll dissect it 🙂

As you can see, the NMEA message is constructed from a number of fields separated by commas:

!AIVDM is the NMEA message type. This tells us that this NMEA message contains AIS data received via AIS. Other possible values are defined in the NMEA 0183 specification.

  • The first “1” tells us the number of NMEA messages which are used to transmit this AIS message. Sometimes it says “2” – but when there’s a “1” like in our example here, things are easy – and we need to consider only this single sentence.
  • The second “1” tells us the sentence number. So this is NMEA message number 1 of 1.
  • The blank field we’ll leave out for now.
  • Then there’s an “A”. This tells us, that this AIS messages was received on AIS channel A. For most uses this is not of great importance.
  • Then we have it: The important part – the payload, which looks like this: “18UG;P0012G?Uq4EdHa=c;7@051@”. This is the actual AIS message which was received via VHF radio – here represented as a string in “6-bit ASCII” format. We could call it the “encoded AIS data”.
  • “0*53” is an NMEA checksum to verify the integrity of this message.

In total, there are 27 different types of messages which can be sent via AIS. These are all defined in great detail in a technical publication by the International Telecommunications Union called “Recommendation ITU-R M.1371-5“. The example above is a type 1 message – or in plain word: A position report. For introductory purposes other messages types of interest are type 2-3 (other variants of position reports) and type 5 (static and voyage related data).

In this blog post I shall not go into detail with how to decode the payload. This process contains a lot of nitty gritty and ugly details. But I maintain a two Java-based open source libraries which are capable of decoding this message into plain old Java objects (POJO’s) so that you do not need to know all these details:

  • AISmessages which I have built from scratch and is used in production in several projects across the planet.
  • AISlib which was built by a client of mine and which I occasionally maintain.

I have deployed AISmessages as an online REST service in a number of different ways (which I will go into detail with in other posts). For instance AISmessages is available on a Heroku service and also an AWS Lambda function.

Pasting the AIS message above into the Heroku implementation on ais.tbsalling.dk reveals that “18UG;P0012G?Uq4EdHa=c;7@051@” can be translated into the following human-readable contents in JSON representation:

{
  "messageType":"PositionReportClassAScheduled",
  "navigationStatus":"UnderwayUsingEngine",
  "rateOfTurn":0,
  "speedOverGround":6.6,
  "positionAccuracy":false,
  "latitude":37.912167,
  "longitude":-122.42299,
  "courseOverGround":350.0,
  "trueHeading":355,
  "specialManeuverIndicator":"NotAvailable",
  "raimFlag":false,
  "communicationState":{
    "syncState":"UTCDirect",
    "slotTimeout":1,
    "numberOfReceivedStations":null,
    "slotNumber":null,
    "utcHour":8,
    "utcMinute":20,
    "slotOffset":null
  },
  "second":40,
  "repeatIndicator":0,
  "sourceMmsi":{
    "mmsi":576048000
  },
  "valid":true
}

Important resources

If you're interested in AIS and software development I recommend you to stay tuned on this blog. Also I can highly recommend to study the following very important specifications, tutorials and views on AIS: